Antique Marble Fireplaces
Stunning antique marble fireplaces, mantels & chimneypieces made in variety of different antique marbles, including Sienna marble, Statuary marble, Cippolino marble and Verde antico marble.
-
Sold
Stock: 14034
A low and wide Louis XVI style antique Statuary Marble chimneypiece mantel. The panelled frieze and end blocks, centred by a plain panelled plaque,set below the moulded shelf, is supported on scrolled and stop fluted console jambs with acanthus detail. The last image shows this antique fireplace in it's original setting together with its original steel and nickel plated brass insert currently under restoration.
French, late 19th century.
The fire grate shown here is not included in the price and was recently sold.
Link to: Antique French chimneypieces inc. Louis XVI, French Empire fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
65 3⁄8" 166 cms |
41 7⁄8" 106.5 cms |
17 11⁄16" 45 cms |
Internal |
43 1⁄2" 110.5 cms |
28" 71 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 14163
A large 19th century white Statuary Marble antique fireplace surround in the Jacobean manner with a deep moulded shelf, the frieze embellished with boldly carved strapwork detail echoed on the volute jambs.
English, mid 19th century.
Link to: Antique Victorian, William IV and Edwardian fireplaces and chimneypieces.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
77 5⁄8" 197 cms |
49 3⁄8" 125.5 cms |
13 3⁄16" 33.5 cms |
Internal |
42 1⁄8" 107 cms |
37" 94 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 14112
A bold and simple antique Victorian fireplace, in finely veined pencil statuary marble. The end blocks are enriched with simple shields, below the plain rectangular shelf. Supported on simple pilaster jambs, over moulded foot blocks.
Scottish, mid 19th century.
Link to: Antique Victorian, William IV, Arts and Crafts, Aesthetic, Art Nouveau mantels and Art Deco fireplaces and chimneypieces.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
70 1⁄8" 178 cms |
49" 124.5 cms |
10" 25.3 cms |
Internal |
36 3⁄16" 92 cms |
36 3⁄16" 92 cms |
|
-
Stock: 11443
A lightly veined grey marble Louis XVI style pompadour antique fireplace surround. The serpentine panelled frieze, centred by an oval paterae, is flanked by panelled endblocks above angled panelled jambs.
French, late 19th century.
Link to: Antique French chimneypieces inc. Louis XVI, French Empire fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
48 13⁄16" 124 cms |
42 1⁄8" 107 cms |
14 5⁄8" 37 cms |
Internal |
32 11⁄16" 83 cms |
33 11⁄16" 85.5 cms |
|
Listed Price: £2,800 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 7265
An elegant Louis XV chimneypiece carved from veined Sarrancolin Marble the panelled frieze with a scrolled central cartouche beneath a serpentine shelf.
French, circa 1710.
The shelf is a later replacement.
Link to: Antique Rococo Chimneypieces inc Louis XV English Scottish Chippendale Rococo fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
65 3⁄8" 166 cms |
43 1⁄4" 110 cms |
13" 33 cms |
Internal |
44 11⁄16" 113.5 cms |
36 5⁄8" 93 cms |
|
Listed Price: £8,500 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 13992
A Louis XVI style Carrara Marble antique Victorian fireplace surround with a panelled frieze and a pair of substantial corbelled fluted jambs terminating in large scrolls resting on solid foot blocks. French, late 19th century.
Link to: Antique French chimneypieces inc. Louis XVI, French Empire fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
66 1⁄8" 168 cms |
41 7⁄8" 106.5 cms |
14 3⁄8" 36.5 cms |
Internal |
44 1⁄4" 112.5 cms |
30 1⁄8" 76.5 cms |
|
Listed Price: £7,800 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 7633
An antique fireplace mantel in Rouge Royale Marble in the Louis XVI style with square paterae on the endblocks above consoled and panelled jambs.
French, circa 1870.
Shown here with a pair of andirons SNo 13328 not included.
Link to: Antique French chimneypieces inc. Louis XVI, French Empire fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
49 1⁄4" 125.1 cms |
41 11⁄16" 106 cms |
13 11⁄16" 34.9 cms |
Internal |
33" 83.8 cms |
32 3⁄16" 81.9 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 12097
A carved statuary Louis XV style antique chimneypiece with a stylised shell central cartouche surrounded by foliage. The scrolled shell end blocks are supported on panelled jambs.
French, mid to late 19th century.
Link to: Antique Rococo Chimneypieces inc Louis XV English Scottish Chippendale Rococo fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
56 1⁄4" 143 cms |
42 11⁄16" 108.5 cms |
13 13⁄16" 35 cms |
Internal |
35 13⁄16" 91 cms |
34 1⁄4" 87 cms |
|
-
Stock: 7340
A very large bolection fireplace surround in pink Scottish granite.
Scottish, circa 1930.
Link to: Antique Baroque Chimneypieces inc English, Italian, French, Flemish Bolection fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
68 1⁄2" 174 cms |
58 1⁄4" 148 cms |
6 11⁄16" 17 cms |
Internal |
48 3⁄8" 123 cms |
48 3⁄8" 123 cms |
|
Listed Price: £4,600 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 13726
A smart but small Belgian Black and Verde Antico antique marble chimneypiece in the Baroque manner. The verde antico detailed frieze, centred by a lozenge and alternating fluted bossed detail echoed on the endblocks, is set above twin verde antico panelled jambs.
Belgian late 19th century.
Link to: Antique Baroque Chimneypieces inc English, Italian, French, Flemish Bolection fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
56 11⁄16" 144 cms |
50 3⁄8" 128 cms |
14 3⁄16" 36 cms |
Internal |
34 3⁄8" 87.5 cms |
39 13⁄16" 101 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 11875
A simple and restrained 19th century white Carrara Marble chimneypiece with corbelled endblocks.
English, circa 1870.
Link to: Antique Victorian, William IV and Edwardian fireplaces and chimneypieces.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
62 3⁄16" 158 cms |
46 7⁄8" 119 cms |
11" 28 cms |
Internal |
37 13⁄16" 96 cms |
38 13⁄16" 98.5 cms |
|
-
Stock: 11618
A Regency, early Victorian Chimneypiece in veined Carrara
marble. The carved Greek Revival acanthus leaf endblocks are separated by the plain panelled frieze over similarly plain panelled jambs. Shown here together with Insert 13706 not included in the price.
English, circa 1830.
Link to: Antique English Regency chimneypieces inc. George IV fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
72" 183 cms |
47 1⁄2" 120.7 cms |
12" 30.5 cms |
Internal |
38" 96.5 cms |
38" 96.5 cms |
|
Listed Price: £12,000 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 4880
A Louis XIV deep rose Brocatelle marble fireplace surround. The moulded serpentine shelf above a frieze centred by a simple cartouche, the shaped jambs with moulded panels raised on block feet.
French, circa 1740.
Link to: Antique Baroque Chimneypieces inc English, Italian, French, Flemish Bolection fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
63" 160 cms |
45 11⁄16" 116 cms |
14 5⁄8" 37 cms |
Internal |
53 1⁄8" 135 cms |
37 13⁄16" 96 cms |
|
Listed Price: £5,500 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 13254
A mid 19th century lightly veined white statuary marble fireplace, with plain frieze and supporting jambs, the endblocks are decorated with floral bouquets beneath the deep and wide shelf. Recently removed from a house in Kensington, London, once the home of the American actress Ava Gardner.
Mid, 19th century.
Link to: Antique Renaissance, Gothic Tudor Fireplace mantels and Chimneypieces: 1260 - 1600
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
70 1⁄2" 179 cms |
45 11⁄16" 116 cms |
11 13⁄16" 30 cms |
Internal |
36 3⁄16" 92 cms |
36 3⁄16" 92 cms |
|
Listed Price: £9,500 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 12290
A smart columned Irish Regency Chimneypiece in Kilkenny Fossil Black Marble elegantly carved with tapering columns beneath fluted capitals supporting the deep and lightly fossil strewn shelf.
Irish, early 19th century.
Shown here with firegrate SNo 13274 now sold.
Link to: Antique English Regency chimneypieces inc. George IV fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
67 11⁄16" 172 cms |
54 11⁄16" 139 cms |
12" 30.5 cms |
Internal |
43 7⁄8" 111.5 cms |
45 1⁄2" 115.5 cms |
|
Listed Price: £18,000 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 13464
A large, elegant and finely carved Louis XVI style fireplace surround in lightly veined Carrara marble, the panelled frieze and endblocks centred by delightful, delicately carved urns, fruit and trailing flora, the stop fluted jambs with delicate floral detail. French late19th century.
Link to: Antique French chimneypieces inc. Louis XVI, French Empire fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
61 13⁄16" 157 cms |
43 11⁄16" 111 cms |
12 1⁄2" 31.8 cms |
Internal |
44 5⁄8" 113.2 cms |
34 5⁄8" 88 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 13188
An interesting statuary marble fireplace in the English Greek Revival manner, the stepped frieze with a central tablet with typical Classical Greek entwined Honeysuckle carving the subtly tapering paneled jambs above substantial footblocks.
Early 19th century, Circa1830.
Link to: Antique English Regency chimneypieces inc. George IV fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
70 1⁄8" 178 cms |
48 3⁄8" 123 cms |
11" 28 cms |
Internal |
38 3⁄16" 97 cms |
38 3⁄16" 97 cms |
|
-
Stock: 12127
A late Georgian neoclassical fireplace surround in the manner of Robert Adam carved in white Statuary marble with yellow Sienna marble inlay. The wide breakfront shelf set over the fluted frieze centred by a large tablet also of purple veined yellow Sienna marble flanked by circular fluted paterae endblocks above fluted jambs.
English, late 18th century with restorations.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
82 1⁄4" 209 cms |
59 1⁄8" 150 cms |
8 1⁄4" 21 cms |
Internal |
48 3⁄8" 123 cms |
42 11⁄16" 108.5 cms |
|
-
Stock: 10332
A substantial an elegant George IV style chimneypiece in white Bianco Pi marble with inlaid panels of Onyx, diamond centre panel motifs on the jambs and fluted and reeded ingrounds with pretty stylised floral Paterae in the top corners.
Scottish, late 19th century.
Link to: Antique English Regency chimneypieces inc. George IV fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
78 1⁄2" 199.5 cms |
51 13⁄16" 131.5 cms |
12 3⁄8" 31.5 cms |
Internal |
43 1⁄8" 109.5 cms |
38 3⁄16" 97 cms |
|
Listed Price: £24,000 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 13512
An elegant 20th century Georgian style chimneypiece in Statuary and inlaid Sienna
and Brocatelle marble.The frieze beneath the breakfront shelf embellished
with inlaid sienna festoons and centred by a tablet of a lidded urn surmounted by
a pair of seated sphinx draped with further festoons. The endblocks with tall vases
above descending inlaid sienna bellflowers on the jambs.
English mid 20th century.
Notes: There is an almost identical fireplace in the Library of Shropham Hall, Norfolk, England please see the image below.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
74 13⁄16" 190 cms |
60 5⁄8" 154 cms |
8 1⁄4" 21 cms |
Internal |
48 13⁄16" 124 cms |
46 1⁄2" 118 cms |
|
Listed Price: £28,500 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 8864
A very grand Italian Renaissance style antique fireplace mantel in white Statuary Marble. The stepped shelf, edged with richly carved lambs tongue detail over an egg and dart border, sits above a very fine frieze which is made from one block and carved in high relief with linked palmette motifs supported by scrolled acanthus brackets resting above intricately carved panelled jambs.
Italian, mid 19th century.
Link to: Antique Renaissance, Gothic Tudor Fireplace mantels and Chimneypieces: 1260 - 1600
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
83 1⁄2" 212 cms |
71 11⁄16" 182 cms |
16 1⁄8" 41 cms |
Internal |
57 1⁄2" 146 cms |
57 1⁄8" 145 cms |
|
-
Stock: 11772
A splendid 20th century fossil stone and marble chimneypiece in the Palladian manner. Removed from the Banqueting Hall of The Worshipful Company of Leatherers, an ancient Guild institution in the City of London. The massive white Statuary Marble shelf is supported on a fossil stone frieze centred by a plaque of Verdi Tinos green marble and is flanked by scrolled stone and green marble brackets, over a substantial lower frieze supported on either side by large scrolled consoles. The wide low opening has Statuary Marble ingrounds behind which are a pair of concave Verdi Marble inserts.
English 1950.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
95 1⁄4" 242 cms |
66 1⁄4" 168.4 cms |
14 13⁄16" 37.6 cms |
Internal |
28 11⁄16" 73 cms |
39 1⁄8" 99.3 cms |
|
-
Stock: 11052
A set of Tudor style Green Campan Marble fireplace ingrounds.
English late 19th century.
Link to: Antique Renaissance, Gothic Tudor Fireplace mantels and Chimneypieces: 1260 - 1600
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
61" 155 cms |
54 1⁄2" 138.5 cms |
6 1⁄8" 15.5 cms |
Internal |
52" 132 cms |
48 13⁄16" 124 cms |
|
Listed Price: £4,800 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 13131
"PATTES DE LIONS" An unusually carved Lion Paw Louis XVI fireplace in white lightly veined Carrara marble, with a central floral cartouche in light relief, with Gothic-esque floral endblocks over the scrolling jambs, and supported on collared lion paw feet.
French, mid 19th century.
Link to: Antique French chimneypieces inc. Louis XVI, French Empire fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
59 3⁄8" 151 cms |
40 3⁄16" 102 cms |
15 11⁄16" 40 cms |
Internal |
39 5⁄8" 100.5 cms |
28 1⁄4" 72 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 10444
A small and compact Louis XV manner French Rococo fireplace in lightly veined Carrara marble with a fielded frieze centred by a stylised shell cartouche beneath a serpentine breakfront shelf the end blocks with foliate astragal style decoration above c-scroll fielded jambs.
French, 19th Century.
Link to: Antique Rococo Chimneypieces inc Louis XV English Scottish Chippendale Rococo fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
52 13⁄16" 134 cms |
41 1⁄8" 104.5 cms |
14 3⁄16" 36 cms |
Internal |
38 3⁄8" 97.5 cms |
34 3⁄8" 87.5 cms |
|
-
Stock: 13386
A very smart late 18th century Statuary and Spanish Brocatelle inlaid marble chimneypiece, the central tablet carved with exquisite crossed leaf fronds and classical urn to the highest quality. The end blocks carved with rosettes common to the period with unusual extra carved oval paterae below.
English, circa 1780 with later restoration.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
72 3⁄8" 184 cms |
57 1⁄2" 146 cms |
7 7⁄8" 20 cms |
Internal |
47 5⁄8" 121 cms |
44 1⁄2" 113 cms |
|
Listed Price: £24,000 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 9206
A Statuary,Sienna marble and Scagliola inlaid marble chimneypiece in the Adam style. The moulded shelf above an inlaid faux fluted freize centred by a rectangular tablet applied with a drapery hung urn, the corresponding faux fluted jambs with urn cappings, on block feet.
English circa 1930.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
62 1⁄8" 157.8 cms |
48 13⁄16" 124 cms |
7 1⁄2" 19 cms |
Internal |
40 5⁄8" 103 cms |
37 5⁄8" 95.5 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 12738
A Georgian style white statuary marble chimneypiece with Giallao di Sienna yellow marble detail, the fluted frieze with a carved central tablet depicting musical instruments the lute and trumpet echoed on the end blocks set above stop fluted pilaster jambs.
English circa 1880.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
57" 144.7 cms |
47" 119.5 cms |
6 1⁄8" 15.5 cms |
Internal |
37 7⁄8" 96.3 cms |
36 1⁄4" 92.3 cms |
|
-
Stock: 13469
A small very decorative early 20th century Neoclassical style fireplace in statuary and antique red brown fossil marbles with an egg and dart moulded shelf over a guilloche frieze and central plaque and rosettes on the endblocks above fluted swagged jambs.
English early 20th century.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
53 1⁄4" 135.5 cms |
43 11⁄16" 111 cms |
6 11⁄16" 17 cms |
Internal |
36 5⁄8" 93 cms |
34 3⁄8" 87.3 cms |
|
Listed Price: £12,500 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Stock: 8259
Aesop's Fables "The Fox, Stork and Pitcher"
An elegant George III style antique mantle finely carved in white Statuary marble with Sienna marble side panels & ingrounds and Sienna fluted frieze panels. The central plaque with Aesop's fable,"The Fox, the Stork and the Water Pitcher ", these have been recently carved, over fluted jambs.
English, circa 1900 and later.
Link to a section showing full range of similar/related neo-classical chimneypieces
|
Width |
Height |
|
External |
61" 154.9 cms |
51" 129.5 cms |
|
Internal |
39" 99.1 cms |
39" 99.1 cms |
|
Listed Price: £24,000 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
-
Sold
Stock: 12599
An unadorned early 19th century English Regency marble fireplace surround in beautiful richly coloured Siena marble, with simple stepped end blocks and plain jambs.
English circa 1840.
Link to: Antique English Regency chimneypieces inc. George IV fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
72" 183 cms |
48 3⁄8" 123 cms |
13 3⁄8" 34 cms |
Internal |
38 3⁄16" 97 cms |
37 13⁄16" 96 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 12304
A Louis XVI style late19th century antique chimneypiece in Breccia Dorata Marble, the straight moulded shelf supported on scrolled console jambs with lion paw feet.
French ca 1880.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
58 1⁄4" 148 cms |
43 1⁄8" 109.5 cms |
11 5⁄8" 29.5 cms |
Internal |
42 1⁄2" 108 cms |
33 1⁄8" 84 cms |
|
-
Sold
Stock: 12455
An attractive Statuary Marble period William IV Chimneypiece. The simply moulded straight shelf supported over large scrolled endblocks over stylised floral detail, flanking the panelled frieze over panelled jambs.
English, early 19th century.
Link to: Antique English Regency chimneypieces inc. George IV fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
62 5⁄8" 159 cms |
48" 122 cms |
15 7⁄8" 40.5 cms |
Internal |
40 3⁄16" 102 cms |
36" 91.5 cms |
|
-
Stock: 6124
The Uccelli Caminetto:
A rare and very grand Italian Baroque fireplace mantel in black Tunisian Nero Antico Marble with polychrome Pietra Dura inlaid designs of birds and floral foliage. The central panel featuring an acanthus cartouche, floral scrolls and uccelli (birds) with various coloured Pietra Dura inlays and Giallo Siena, Spanish Brocatelle, Statuary, Verde Antico, Carrara & Languedoc Rouge marbles.
Italian, circa 1660.
Link to: Antique Baroque Chimneypieces inc English, Italian, French, Flemish Bolection fireplace mantels.
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
84 5⁄8" 215 cms |
63" 160 cms |
8 1⁄2" 21.6 cms |
Internal |
62 3⁄16" 158 cms |
46 7⁄8" 119 cms |
|
-
Stock: 7873
A large grey Ashburton Marble fireplace surround in the Tudor Gothic manner with fine pink and white veining and with deeply recessed mouldings above footblocks topped by decorative finial knobs.
English, circa 1850.
Link to: Antique Renaissance, Gothic Tudor Fireplace mantels and Chimneypieces: 1260 - 1600
|
Width |
Height |
Depth |
External |
73 1⁄8" 185.7 cms |
50 5⁄8" 128.5 cms |
5 1⁄2" 14 cms |
Internal |
54 1⁄8" 137.5 cms |
41 7⁄8" 106.5 cms |
|
Listed Price: £11,500 (+VAT where applicable)
More info?
Marble fireplaces
Our stunning collection of antique marble fireplaces, mantels and chimneypieces features fireplaces made in a variety of different antique marbles, including Sienna marble, Statuary marble, Cippolino marble and Verde Antico marble.
A brief history of marble
Marble has been used in architecture for thousands of years, dating back to the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultures. Its ability to bear immense weight made it ideal for supporting structures and monolithic columns in public, private and religious buildings. Prized for its beauty and resilience, marble has been used in some of the world’s most iconic buildings, including the Parthenon, the Taj Mahal and the Palace of Versailles.
Marble has been popular for its use in sculpture since classical times. In fact, the word ‘marble’ derives from the Ancient Greek mármaron, which means ‘crystalline rock, shining stone’. Light is able to penetrate several millimetres into marble before being scattered out, producing the characteristic ‘glow’ that seems to give life to sculptures.
The introduction of marble fireplaces
Marble fireplaces have been popular for hundreds of years. Marble has been highly prized as a material for fireplaces due to its softness - which makes it easier to carve - its strength, and, perhaps most of all, its elegance and air of luxury.
The oldest piece in our collection of antique marble fireplaces dates back to around 1460. This extremely rare chimneypiece is carved in Pietra d’Istria marble from the Istrian Peninsula near Venice, and is attributed to Giorgio da Sebenico, sculptor of the Duomo San Francesco, Cathedral of Ancona.
A taste for marble fireplaces
Marble fireplaces remained fashionable in Europe throughout the 15th and 16th Centuries and were particularly popular during the Georgian, Regency and Victorian eras.
The first half of the Georgian era saw marble fireplaces influenced heavily by the classical temple architecture of the Greeks and Romans. Halfway through the 18th Century, designer and architect Robert Adam revolutionised fireplace design with his neoclassical fireplaces.
Marble fireplaces were much sought-after during the Regency period, particularly those made from Statuary marble. However, the onset of the Napoleonic wars in 1803 made its cost prohibitive to all but the wealthiest, and largely restricted its use to grand public rooms.
From the early to mid Victorian era these fireplaces were typically very ornate, featuring intricate floral designs. Later Victorian fireplaces show a preference for simpler, more geometric designs.
Antique marble fireplaces
Antique marble fireplaces are still very much in demand, and it’s easy to see why. From the simplest to the most sumptuously extravagant, a marble fireplace can be tastefully integrated into either a traditional or modern room to make a beautiful and striking focal point.
Our collection of antique marble fireplaces is one of the most comprehensive in the world. A display spanning such a breadth of styles, periods and materials is unlikely to be found elsewhere.